Positive effects of physical activity on insulin signaling

HIGHLIGHTS

What: A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of structured exercise intervention programs for insulin resistance in T2DM.
Who: Paulina Małkowska from the Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland have published the article: Positive Effects of Physical Activity on Insulin Signaling, in the Journal: (JOURNAL)

SUMMARY

Typically, insulin facilitates the uptake of carbohydrates in vital locations for storage and utilization, like adipose_tissue and skeletal muscle, where they are converted into lipids alongside proteins. In white adipose_tissue (WAT), insulin suppresses lipolysis while promoting glucose transport and lipogenesis. In adiposetotissue, insulin and resistance lipolysis acids intoand the protein bloodstream, which contributes dyslipidemia ectopicpromotes fat deposition (breakdown of fats), leading to increased release of free is fatty_acids intowith the bloodstream, in non-adipose_tissues. Insulin resistance associated systemic which contributes to dyslipidemia and ectopic fat deposition in non-adipose_tissues inflammation and oxidative stress, further exacerbating metabolic dysfunction and_[7]. As most studies indicate, insulin resistance is is associated with excessive lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle and the liver, which is associated with excessive lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle and the liver, which is also also linked to adipose_tissue. This review will focus on the insulin signaling signaling pathway in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose_tissue. pathway in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose_tissue. Despite the clear contribution of adipose_tissue to the development of the disorder, there are still few reports on the effect of physical activity on it. Given the undeniable contribution of adipose_tissue to the development of IR, adipokines, which are signaling molecules produced and released by adipose_tissue, also deserve special attention. Studies have shown that prolonged exercise affects the expression of leptin and adiponectin in subcutaneous adipose_tissue in people at risk of developing T2DM. Long-term physical activity improves ERα function and increases the number of mitochondria in adipose_tissue which then reduces insulin resistance. @@

LAY DEFINITIONS

High-intensity interval training: A cardiovascular exercise strategy with alternating short periods of intense anaerobic exercise with less-intense recovery periods.
Insulin receptor: A cell surface receptor for INSULIN. It comprises a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein
Insulin resistance: A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX
Protein kinase a: A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition
Perilipin: A lipid droplet protein that is expressed primarily by ADIPOCYTES of WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE and BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE. It co-localizes with MACROPHAGES and FOAM CELLS of artherosclerotic lesions and stabilizes LIPID DROPLETS by inhibiting HORMONE SENSITIVE LIPASE
Protein kinase: A protein kinase is a kinase which selectively modifies other proteins by covalently adding phosphates to them (phosphorylation) as opposed to kinases which modify lipids, carbohydrates, or other molecules. Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein (substrate) by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins
Substrate: A wafer (slice or substrate) is a thin slice of semiconductor material, such as a crystalline silicon, used in electronics for the fabrication of integrated circuits and in photovoltaics for conventional, wafer-based solar cells. The wafer serves as the substrate for microelectronic devices built in and over the wafer and undergoes many microfabrication process steps such as doping or ion implantation, etching, deposition of various materials, and photolithographic patterning
Adipose triglyceride lipase: Adipose triglyceride lipase, also known as patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2 and ATGL, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PNPLA2 gene. ATGL catalyses the first reaction of lipolysis, where triacylglycerols are hydrolysed to diacylglycerols
Hormone-sensitive lipase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of CHOLESTEROL ESTERS and some other sterol esters, to liberate cholesterol plus a fatty acid anion.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase: An enzyme with high affinity for carbon dioxide. It catalyzes irreversibly the formation of oxaloacetate from phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide
Protein kinase c: An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids
insulin sensitivity: Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.
Fatty acid synthase: Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FASN gene.Fatty acid synthase is a multi-enzyme protein that catalyzes fatty acid synthesis. It is not a single enzyme but a whole enzymatic system composed of two identical 272 kDa multifunctional polypeptides, in which substrates are handed from one functional domain to the next.Its main function is to catalyze the synthesis of palmitate (C16:0, a long-chain saturated fatty acid) from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA, in the presence of NADPH.The fatty acids are synthesized by a series of decarboxylative Claisen condensation reactions from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.
White adipose tissue: Fatty tissue composed of WHITE ADIPOCYTES and generally found directly under the skin (SUBCUTANEOUS FAT) and around the internal organs (ABDOMINAL FAT). It has less vascularization and less coloration than the BROWN FAT
Glycogen synthase: Glycogen synthase (UDP-glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase) is a key enzyme in glycogenesis, the conversion of glucose into glycogen. It is a glycosyltransferase that catalyses the reaction of UDP-glucose and (1, 4-u03b1-D-glucosyl)_n to yield UDP and (1, 4-u03b1-D-glucosyl)_n+1
inflammation: Inflammation is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The function of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and to initiate tissue repair
metabolic syndrome: Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of at least three of the five following medical conditions: abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides, and low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Metabolic syndrome is associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes
physical activity: Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure
Insulin receptor tyrosine kinase: Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.
Reactive oxygen species: Reactive oxygen species are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen. Examples include peroxides, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and singlet oxygen
Superoxide dismutase: Superoxide dismutase is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation of the superoxide radical into either ordinary molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide. Superoxide is produced as a by-product of oxygen metabolism and, if not regulated, causes many types of cell damage
type 2 diabetes: Type 2 diabetes, formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss

Licence: cc-by

Site reference: https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/46/6/327/pdf?version=1717055185

DOI reference: https://www.doi.org/10.3390/cimb46060327

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